Context: Scabies is a common infestation in children. Treatment of scabies in infants and children is a therapeutic challenge. Many prescribed drugs for adults cannot be used in children because of their side effects and safety profile. This review article studied the treatment of scabies in children and infants. 
Evidence Acquisition: In this review, electronic databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Cochrane and Scopus were searched based on the following MeSH terms: Scabies, Pediatric and Children. We included all articles related to scabies in children published from 2008 to 2018. Duplicated and irrelevant studies and abstracts were excluded.
Results: The management of scabies is focused on identification and treatment of cases and household contacts. We briefly discussed the clinical presentation of scabies with the currently used topical and oral treatments for this infestation. Topical treatments are effective and the most effective treatment is permethrin. Other treatment options may be less effective, poorly tolerated, or with adverse effects.
Conclusions: Scabies is prevalent in children and causes considerable morbidity. Because of its complications, scabies should be managed properly in accordance with the guidelines.

Background: Children, as a vulnerable population in society, are at greater risk of injury compared to others. One of the unpredictable events causing death every year in the world is earthquake. This study aimed at investigating the epidemiology of pediatric deaths in 2017 Kermanshah Earthquake. 
Methods: Adopting a descriptive method, the present study was conducted in Imam Reza Hospital located in Kermanshah, Iran after earthquake occurred in this city in 2017. The study population consisted of all children aged <18 years who were referred to this hospital due to the injuries caused by the earthquake. data were collected from the resources available at the hospital and the referral server. 
Results: From among 60 children referred to the hospital, 5 (8.33%) had died (Mean±SD age, 37.06±34.19 months; 3 boys and 2 girls); 3 (60%) were living in urban areas and 2 (40%) in rural area; 2(40%) were diagnosed with multi-trauma, 2 (40%) with infectious diseases, and 1 (20%) with pneumonia; 1 (20%) had head and limb injuries, and 1 (20%) abdominal and limb injuries. All of the dead children had Glasgow Coma Score (GCS)<15, two of whom had GCS<10. The hospitalization for 40% of patients (n=2) lasted for one day and for 60% of them (n=3) its period was less than 10 days.
Conclusions: It seems that using previous managerial experiences is inevitably necessary to reduce injuries to individuals, especially children, in the possible upcoming disasters.

Background: Spiritual care plays a key role in creating relaxation for patients and their families. Nurses’ perception of spirituality can affect their communication with patients and their families. This study aimed to investigate the spiritual care perceived by nurses and families of patients admitted to the pediatric wards of Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah, Iran. 
Methods: This study is an comparative analysis conducted in 2017. Participants were 116 people (58 nurses and 58 family members of patients) in Imam Reza Hospital selected using convenience sampling technique. Data were collected using a two-part questionnaire composed of a demographic form and spiritual care perspective. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was determined using content validity and test-retest methods. Data were analyzed in SPSS V. 24 software using independent samples t-test, ANOVA, Tukey’s post-hoc analysis, and Pearson correlation test.
Results: The mean perceived spiritual care of nurses and family patients were 87.78 and 92.25, respectively. There was a significant difference between the two groups (p< 0.001) where family members of patients perceived spiritual care higher than nurses.
Conclusions: Considering the importance of spiritual care for the health and relaxation of patients and their families, it is essential for nurses to implement spiritual care in their clinical practice. Developing spiritual care policies and training courses in this regard are recommended as an educational intervention.

Background: More than 15 million premature infants are born worldwide each year who in average, undergo 10-16 painful procedures every day. Repeated painful procedures early in life can have adverse effects on nervous system development and pain response. Several factors may influence the response of premature infants to painful stimuli and the knowledge of these factors can lead to proper pain assessment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sleep and awake states on pain responses in premature infants. 
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 100 premature infants divided into three gestational age groups (<28, 28-31, 32–36 weeks) in two neonatal intensive care units in Sari, Iran. To measure the infants’ responses to the pain caused by heel prick, and to determine their physiological changes, facial and behavioral states of all infants were filmed for 30 seconds before, during, and 30 seconds after painful/non-painful procedures. The Persian version of the Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R) questionnaire was completed for each infant.
Results: The infants with 32-36 weeks of gestation who were most awake before the painful procedure (68.8%) showed the most behavioral (56.7%) and physiological changes (51.8%). The Mean±SD pain score of infants at the time of heel prick was 9.53±2.50. For the infants with less than 28 weeks of gestation, the mean sleep and wake states was 71.1% and 28.9% before painful procedure. This group had the lowest behavioral (27.8%) and physiological response (42.1%) to painful stimulus but the highest pain score (Mean± SD= 9.70±2.40).
Conclusions: The discrepancy between the results of infants with less than 28 weeks of gestation seems to depend on gestational age that is the major item of PIPP-R. Although the infants with gestational age <28 weeks experience a lot of pain, they are not able to respond appropriately to painful stimuli and hence, multi-dimensional tools for effective pain assessment is recommended.

Background: Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most important cause of chronic pulmonary disease in children and the main cause of exocrine pancreas failure in early life. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1) and quality of life in patients with CF. 
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 76 children with CF aged 7-14 years referred to the CF clinic of Tehran Medical Center in 2015. For data collection, quality of life, CF conditions and demographic information of children were recorded. Collected data were analyzed in SPSS V. 18 software using descriptive and inferential statistics (t-test, ANOVA and Chi-square test).
Results: Of 76 children, 59 were males and 41 female; 30-47% of them were newly diagnosed patients, 44% were relatives, and 55.3% had pulmonary symptoms at first diagnosis. There was no significant association between body mass index and FEV1. The quality of life of children was evaluated in terms of physical, emotional, social and educational performance. The Mean±SD FEV1 was 75.9±21.72, and there was a significant association between FEV1 and educational performance. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between reduction of oxygen saturation (SpO2) after performing 6-Min Walk Test (6MWT) and FEV1 reduction and also between the traveled distance, FEV1 and SpO2 before the 6MWT and mileage test.
Conclusions: Quality of life and 6MWT can be used as an auxiliary measure along with FEV1 and other criteria for assessing the cardiovascular function in CF patients. The amount of traveled distance and SpO2 before 6MWT were noticeable considering that the quality of life of CF patients in Iran is lower than in other countries. Health and treatment decisions at micro/macro levels is recommended to improve the quality of life of CF patients.

Background: One of the important indicators of development and health in countries is the mortality rate of children under the age of 5 years. In recent years, the mortality rate has dropped below the age of 5, but is still higher in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of health education on changes in maternal behavior and pediatric burn prevention. 
Methods: This interventional study was conducted on mothers of children aged <5 years referred to the health centers in Kermanshah, Iran. The questionnaire was provided in two steps before and two months after the training. The educational program was presented via group discussion, question and answer sessions and educational pamphlets. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software using paired t-test.
Results: The educational programs had a significant effect on the behavior of mothers. Before intervention, 16% of mothers were hugging their babies while having hot drinks, which dropped to 6% after intervention and also resulted in 13% reduction in the use of unheated tools. Moreover, 15% of children had access to fireworks before teaching their mothers, which dropped to 6% after intervention.
Conclusions: It is suggested that providing interventional measures such as health education for parents, especially mothers, can be an effective way for pediatric burn prevention.

Background: Probiotics are defined as alive bacterial or cellular component that has beneficial effect on hast. These agents produce some products that is useful for human body. The use of probiotics may inhibit dental caries by changing oral bacterial flora and salivary pH. In this study, the effect of probiotic mouthwash on salivary pH of patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. 
Methods: In this study with cross-over design, 40 fixed orthodontic patients referred to the dental clinic of the Faculty of Dentistry at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in March 2016-2017 were participated and divided into test (A) and control (B) groups. Group A consisted of 11(55%) males and 9 females (Mean±SD age, 15.3±1.2 years) while in group B, there was 8(40%) males and 12 females (Mean±SD age, 15.7±1.4 years). Group A used mouthwash containing probiotic dough for 2 weeks, while group B used mouthwash containing simple dough. After 2 weeks of rest period, the patients were cross-overed. Salivary pH of all patients was measured before and after mouthwash and the results were compared with each other.
Results: At baseline, the mean salivary pH in group B was 6.8 and in group A as 6.9 (P=0.1). In the second stage, the mean salivary pH changed to 7 and 7.15, respectively (P=0.05). After crossing over, it was increased to 7.05 and 7.36, respectively and the difference between groups was statically significant (P=0.001).
Conclusions: The use of mouthwashes containing probiotics like dough can increase alkalinity of the mouth’s pH and prevent dental caries.

Background: Allergic disorders are prevalent in the world affecting the quality of life. It imposes heavy burden on people and country. Primary prevention of allergic disease is important. The most prevalent allergic or atopic disorders include atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergies. 
Methods: The search was conducted among paper indexed in databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase.
Results: There are three types of allergy prevention: 1. Primary prevention which prevents the initial immunologic sensitization (i.e. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) development specific to an allergen); 2. Secondary prevention which decreases the development of further disease after sensitization; and 3. Tertiary prevention which reduces disease symptoms after expression. Studies that support maternal avoidance allergenic foods during pregnancy, lactation, or both are not effective in preventing allergic disease. An infant is categorized as "high risk" for allergic disease when s/he has at least one first-degree relative (parent or sibling) with associated allergic disease. Based on recent studies, maternal avoidance of allergenic foods during pregnancy does not reduce the risk of allergic disease in children, regardless of whether the infant is at high risk or not. In contrary, some studies suggest that avoidance may actually increase the risk in offspring. In high-risk families for allergic disorders, exclusive breastfeeding and delayed introduction of solid foods up to 4-6 months is recommended, although, there is no clear evidence. If needed, we can use protein hydrolysate supplementation. IgA in human milk are generally protective against infant gut and avoid the development of food allergy. Serum levels of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) in infants whose mothers avoid breastfeeding are lower, and these findings are associated with the development of milk allergy in infant. We found no evidence that vitamin D supplementation in pregnant or breastfeeding women who had no other indications for this vitamin can reduce the risk of developing allergic diseases in children and, hence, we suggest against this intervention. Recent studies do not suggest routine supplementation of mothers with vitamin D or omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs) during pregnancy or lactation for preventing allergic disease in offspring.
Conclusions: Restriction of mother’s or child’s diet is not beneficial when there is no any documented reason or unclear evidences. Exclusive breast-feeding may be benefit in prevention of allergy but not in all cases. 

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between Carbon dioxide (CO2) and other environmental factors with Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) in schools and houses of students. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on students in in Babol counrty, Iran in winter 2018 who were recruited using random sampling method. To measure CO2, temperature and humidity, the standard TES-1370 device was used. Data were collected by standard questionnaire MM040EA (Miljomedicine040) and through interview. Chi-square, ANOVA and t-test were used to determine the relationship between SBS and environmental parameters. CO2 measurement performed in 55 primary, middle and high schools (215 classrooms) reported that the highest level of CO2 was 4263 ppm for primary schools in winter, while the lowest level was 806 ppm reported for middle schools. CO2 and temperature had significant association with SBS symptoms in winter (P=0.001). Among 12 SBS symptoms, the most common symptom was headache in winter (n=337, 44.4%), and fatigue (n=327, 43%) in spring. A significant association was found between the type of heating/ ventilation/air conditioning and SBS symptoms(P=0.001). Also, at different educational levels, CO2 concentration was higher in most of the study classrooms during winter and spring and had a significant relationship with SBS symptoms. 

Background: Giving birth can affect the incidence and viability of peripheral neuropathy in women. In this regard, lactating women and their children under one year of old are at high risk. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on stress and fatigue of lactating women.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study conducted in 2017, 100 employed and non-employed lactating women with 6-7 months old babies living in Sari city, Iran were participated who were selected randomly. Group A included employed women from four organizations: education, medical sciences, social security, and municipalities, while group B composed of non-employed women (housewives). They performed 30-min walking on a treadmill 3 days a week and 30-min biking for 3 days in 12 weeks. Two questionnaires were used for collecting data and after collecting, they were analyzed in SPSS V. 22 software and repeated measures ANOVA.
Results: The BMI of study groups were not significantly different (>0.05). There was no significant difference in motivation to aerobic exercise between two groups (p>0.05). Satisfaction rate was higher in group A than in group B. Also, the rate of stress in women working in medical organizations was higher than that of housewives and other employed women. The tendency for having baby was greater in women with a girl. Employed women were more worried about their children and their motivation to continue aerobic exercise was higher than housewives. The intensity of fatigue in employed women in the 12th week was 3.3% lower than in the 6th week.
Conclusions: Relief support of employed lactating women with high workload, fatigue, overnight lactation, leaving babies to return to work, ignoring the work environment at the time of returning home, the experience of the first birth, lack of experience in the new workplace, living conditions, sleeplessness, and waking too early can affect the physical and mental health of mothers and their babies.

Background: Considering the importance of breastfeeding and ignoring the exclusive breastfeeding in many cases, it is important to have knowledge of the reasons for formula feeding. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the reasons for formula feeding in infants aged <1 year. 
Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, all records of infants aged <1 year (rural and urban) receiving formula feeding from 2011 to 2017 available in lactation counseling center located in Qom, Iran were examined and the reasons for their formula feeding was extracted. The extracted information was analyzed in SPSS V. 19 software.
Results: Between 2011-2016, the most common reasons for formula feeding were unfavorable growth rate and twin/multiple pregnancy and the least common reasons were maternal death and parental separation in urban areas. The most common reason in urban areas was twin pregnancy (16.11%) and the least common was parental separation (0.27%) observed in 2017. In rural areas, the most common reasons were unfavorable growth rate and twin pregnancy between 2011-2016. In 2017, the most common reason was secondary-impact syndrome (22.3%) and the least common reasons were adoption and parental separation (0%). 
Conclusions: There is a need to pay more attention to the attitude and knowledge of pregnant mothers about exclusive breastfeeding and reducing the use of infant formula.

Background: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is the most commonly diagnosed gastrointestinal disease and is a common cause for referral to gastroenterologists and the second cause of absence from the workplace and school. Diagnosis is based on clinical manifestations and ruling out other diseases. 
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on female high school students in Abadan, Iran in 2016. A randomized stratified sampling method was used to select the participants. A total of 1044 individuals were included. A two-part questionnaire was designed by the researcher composed of a demographic form and a part assessing IBS symptoms. Data was analyzed in SPSS V. 18 software using descriptive statistics. The P value less than 0.05 was considered as being statistically significant.
Results: The age range of participants was 14-18 years with the Mean±SD age of 16±2 years. The findings of this study showed that the most common symptoms of IBS were abdominal pain (66.4%), diarrhea (46.7%), and constipation (42.5%).
Conclusions: The symptoms of IBS are frequent among high school female students; therefore, there is a need for more attention to this issue.

Background: Kangaroo care is the infant’s skin-to-skin contact with the mother and vertically placement between mother’s breasts. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Kangaroo care on promotion of infants' health status. 
Methods: This study is a narrative review. The search was conducted among related papers indexed in PubMed, Google Scholar, WHO, Barakat Knowledge Network System, ScienceDirect and Scopus databases and then, 42 papers were selected for the review.
Results: The findings are summarized in three categories: 1. Increased breastfeeding rate: Kangaroo care increases both breastfeeding rate and production of breast milk during the hospitalization period and after discharge; 2. Enhanced five senses: The babies feel their mother's body temperature through skin-to-skin contact (touch sense), listening to their mother's voice and heart beat (hearing sense), sucking their mother's breast (taste sense), establishing eye contact with their mother (sight sense), and feel the smell of their mother (smell sense); 3. Psychological advantages: Kangaroo care not only helps to improve the baby’s mental status, but also helps mothers experience less stress while providing the kangaroo care. Mothers prefer skin-to-skin contact via the conventional care and believe that it makes them be more relaxed, self-confident, self-satisfied and self-empowered. Fathers also feel more relaxed, emotionally attached to their baby while proving such care. These babies can become individuals with more positive social personalities in the future.
Conclusions: Kangaroo care has a significant effect on children's physical/mental health status. Hence, parents can use this method to promote the health of their babies. 

Background: Prevalence of community acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) infection and colonization has been increased in recent years. The aim of this study was to determine the nasal colonization with MRSA agent and its antibiotic resistance pattern in children. 
Methods: Participants were 277 elementary school students. Sampling was performed for 6 months from February to August 2017. The sample size was determined by the Cochran formula. MRSA strains were identified by using conventional lab techniques including catalase, coagulase and DNase tests. The oxacillin and cefoxitin discs diffusion method was used for detection of MRSA strain, and the determination of the strain resistance pattern was performed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test by using 10 antibiotics.
Results: MRSA strains were isolated from the nose of 81 of 277 children (29.24%). Of 81 MRSA isolates, the highest rate of resistance was belonged to cefixime and cephalexin with 100% resistance followed by amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (97%) and cephalothin (95%), while the lowest rate of resistance was related to co-trimoxazole (12.5%). The resistance rate was 87% for cefazolin, 60% for clindamycin, 65% for cefoxitin, and 45% for vancomycin. Furthermore, no significant association was found between demographic variables (application of ointments, history of hospitalization, history of antibiotic consumption, mucosal infection, etc.) and MRSA colonization.
Conclusions: The prevalence of MRSA infection is high. Hence, there is a need for rational use of empiric antibiotic therapy to reduce the mortality and morbidity rate caused by this infection. The emergence of vancomycin resistant staphylococcus aureus infection is expected in the future.

Background: In recent years, hospital-acquired infection due to drug-resistant gram-positive bacteria are increasing. One of the most suitable drugs for dealing with these bacteria is vancomycin. Due to the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant gram-positive organisms, the disease control and prevention guidelines have been presented by the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) to determine the proper use of vancomycin. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of HICPAC guidelines on the use of vancomycin. 
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted during 2011-2012 in pediatric surgical and oncology wards, and pediatric and neonatal intensive care units of Bouali Sina Hospital in Sari, Iran. Initially, HICPAC guidelines were given to professors and residents through lectures, workshops, educational pamphlets, text messaging and E-mail. After training staff and physicians, demographic and clinical data of all patients treated with vancomycin from March to September 2011 were collected by a questionnaire designed based on HICPAC recommendations. Then, the data for the same time on 2012 was collected and compared.
Results: Of 100 patients, 36 were females and 42 aged <28 years. In the end, 48 had complete recovery, 44 had a relative improvement and 8 died. In 68 patients, vancomycin administration was well-suited to HICPAC guidelines before training and in 34 patients after training.
Conclusions: The use of vancomycin in pediatric ward and pediatric intensive care unit was significantly inappropriate in our third referral to the hospital and a considerable number of uncontrolled vancomycin prescriptions was observed. Despite the adequate training with different educational methods, special attention should be paid to avoid antibiotic resistance in the future.

Background: Breastfeeding is natural nutrition for newborns and infants which may influence the immune system development and immune response to vaccination. This study was performed in order to determine the association between the breastfeeding and Hepatitis B surface Antibody (HBsAb) titers after hepatitis B vaccination in 3-5 year old children. 
Methods: Participants were 120 healthy children aged 3-5 years divided into two groups of breast-fed (n=78) and formula-fed (n=42). Blood samples were collected, and then the HBsAb titers were analyzed by ELISA method. The results were evaluated by independent t-test and the P-value <0.05 was considered as a significant criterion.
Results: Although the Mean±SD HBsAb titer in breast-fed group (92.33±19.80) was lower than in formula-fed group (94.08±21.28) but, no significant statistically was found between two groups (P= 0.09).
Conclusions: There was no association between immune responses after Hepatitis B vaccination and breastfeeding; however, further study is recommended to explain this observation.

Background: The deaths of children and adolescents due to accidents in most countries is one of the serious health problems. In Iran, one of the most common causes of death for this age group is unintentional injuries. This study aimed to investigate the child mortality rate for unintentional injuries in Mazandaran, Iran. 
Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out in Mazandaran province located in northern Iran from October 1, 2010 to March 3, 2018. All deaths due to accidents for children aged 1 month to 18 years were included in the study, and deaths caused by intentional injuries and poisoning were excluded from the study.
Results: Of 1,465 deaths, 619 (42.2%) deaths were due to accidents or injuries other than poisoning. Of these, 596 (96.3%) deaths were caused by unintentional injuries. The Mean±SD age of children died by unintentional injuries was 10.46±6.11 years and the frequency of female deaths was 295 cases (49.5%). Among 492 cases of unintentional non-burn injuries, the reasons for death were: traffic accidents (71.7%), drowning (16%), falling (4.4%), non-traffic-related head trauma (3.6%), asphyxia (1.6%), limbs injury (0.6%), bullet shot (0.4%), explosion (0.4%), visceral injury (0.4%) and unclassified causes (0.6%).
Conclusions: A significant percentage of deaths among children and adolescents occurred due to unintentional injuries. Vehicle accident was the most common cause of death followed by drowning and falling. Mortality rate in summer was reported to be higher than in other seasons.

Background: Tokophobia has been defined as a psychological disorder which ranges from insignificant to extreme fear of childbirth. The prevalence of tokophobia in pregnant women is estimated to be 14-20%. There is a sigificant evidence that tokophobia has serious long-term and debilitating adverse effects on both mother and child. The purpose of this study was to review the effect of tokophobia on the health status of mothers and children. 
Methods: In this review study, the search was conducted among related papers indexed in Google Scholar, PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PsycINFO and SID (Scientific Information Database) databases. The used keywords were "tokophobia" "fear of childbirth", "child mental health", "child health", and "mother's health". Articles published from 1995 to 2018 were selected. Of 38 searched articles, after reviewing abstract and full texts, 13 were excluded and in the end, 25 papers were selected for the review.
Results: Results were categorized in two main categories: 1. Mother's health consequences: insomnia, increased maternal cortisol level, increased request for cesarean section, longer labor period, antenatal depression, anxiety disorders, increased risk postnatal depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, avoiding further pregnancy or increased interval between pregnancies, increased instrumental birth, stronger need for pain relief and epi¬dural anesthesia, subsequent sterilization, loss of self-control, fear of own incompetence, change in eating habits and physical activity, fear of not being able to take care of baby; 2. Child's health consequences: Decreased child-mother bonding, increased rate of admission to neonatal intensive care unit due to diseases, lower birth weight, and negative effects on the infant’s emotional and social reactions. 
Conclusions: Given the negative effect of tokophobia on mother and child's health, diagnosis of tokophobia and close liaison with the obstetrician and the comprehensive therapeutic assessment may reduce the morbidity rate associated with tokophobia. 

Background: Despite significant progress in medicine and increasing survival rate of preterm infants, these infants still suffer from abnormal development and neurobehavioral deficits. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of developmental care on neurobehavioral function and health promotion of preterm infants hospitalized at Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs). 
Methods: This study was a clinical trial conducted on 66 preterm infants hospitalized in NICU who were divided into three groups mother’s presence (n=22), mother’s voice (n=22) and nurse’s voice (n=22) by convenience sampling technique. The respiratory rate of infants in all groups were recorded by the monitoring system in a 5-min interval for 30 minutes in three phases (10 minutes before, 10 minutes during, and 10 minutes after the intervention) within 3 consecutive days.
Results: In mother's voice group, the Mean±SD of respiratory rate (49.58±0.97) were higher during the intervention compared to its rate before (43.61±1.01) and after intervention (44.51±1.17) and this difference was significant (p<0.001). No statistically significant difference was found in respiratory rate between the three study groups (p= 0.039).
Conclusions: Since mother’s voice is effective on respiratory rate of preterm infants, respiratory status can be used for supportive care and as a coordinating stimulus to improve the neurobehavioral function and health of preterm infants. It is possible to take a step towards the development of neurons and promoting the health of preterm infants. 

Context: Warts are benign cutaneous and mucosal growths caused by human papillomavirus. Warts are the most common skin diseases seen by pediatric dermatologists. Warts are often self-limited, especially in children, but some lesions are not resolved despite repeated treatments and referred to as recalcitrant warts. 
Evidence acquisition: Electronic databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus were searched during 2000-2018 and a review was conducted for articles published in English on pediatric warts by focusing on recalcitrant warts.
Results: If warts are asymptomatic and being in a location that causes no cosmetic or other problems, observation is the ideal management course. Most parents and children prefer treatment for their warts. There are three modalities of treatment: medical, surgical, and immunotherapy.
Conclusions: Treatment of warts is a therapeutic challenge that depends on the patient’s age and the type of warts. Despite treatment according to evidence-based guidelines, a significant proportion of warts are failed to respond. This condition is an unsolved problem in practice. The management for treating these lesions has remained unclear and a wide range of the second line of treatments has been developed.